Military History & Operations in Pakistan
· Pakistan Studies/Affairs
50 MCQs
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1
In late 2024 and early 2025, which major treaty became a point of severe contention between Pakistan and India following a modification notice by India?
Answer:
Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)
In September 2024, India issued a formal notice to Pakistan seeking a fundamental review and modification of the 64-year-old Indus Waters Treaty. Throughout 2025, this led to intense diplomatic standoffs, with India citing 'changed circumstances' and 'persistent disputes' over hydroelectric projects like Kishenganga and Ratle, while Pakistan maintained the treaty must be upheld via the World Bank's existing mechanisms.
2
Which Indian External Affairs Minister made a landmark visit to Islamabad in October 2024 for the SCO Summit, the first such visit in nearly a decade?
Answer:
S. Jaishankar
S. Jaishankar's visit to Islamabad in October 2024 for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Council of Heads of Government meeting was highly significant, as it was the first visit by an Indian Foreign Minister to Pakistan since 2015. While the visit focused on multilateralism, it occurred amidst a frozen bilateral relationship and intense regional security concerns.
3
In 2025, what was the primary reason cited by the BCCI for India's refusal to travel to Pakistan for the ICC Champions Trophy?
Answer:
Security concerns and lack of government clearance
The 2025 ICC Champions Trophy, originally scheduled to be hosted entirely in Pakistan, faced a major crisis when the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) officially informed the ICC that they would not travel to Pakistan due to security concerns and the absence of government permission. This led to the proposal of a 'Hybrid Model,' similar to the 2023 Asia Cup, which Pakistan initially resisted.
4
Which multi-mission satellite launched by Pakistan in mid-2024 significantly enhanced its strategic communication and surveillance capabilities in 2025?
Answer:
PakSat-MM1
PakSat-MM1 (Multi-Mission Satellite 1) became fully operational in early 2025. It provides high-speed broadband, DTH services, and secure communication links for the state. Strategically, it reduces reliance on foreign satellite providers for critical data, especially during periods of heightened border tensions.
5
In early 2025, which international body's report on 'Water Scarcity in South Asia' warned that Indus water disputes could lead to a 'hot conflict'?
Answer:
United Nations (UN)
In early 2025, a UN-sponsored report highlighted the growing risk of conflict over shared water resources in the Indus Basin. The report noted that climate change, combined with the lack of bilateral communication between India and Pakistan regarding the 1960 treaty's modification, has created a volatile security environment.
6
Which advanced fighter jet, inducted by the PAF to counter Indian Rafales, saw increased deployments near the borders in 2025?
Answer:
J-10C (Vigorous Dragon)
The Chengdu J-10C, a 4.5-generation multi-role fighter, has become Pakistan's primary counter-measure against the Indian Air Force's Rafale jets. By 2025, the PAF had operationalized several squadrons of J-10Cs equipped with PL-15 beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles, maintaining a credible air defense posture along the eastern border.
7
What technology did India test in 2024-2025 under 'Mission Divyastra' that altered the strategic balance in the region?
In 2024, India successfully tested the Agni-V missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology. In 2025, the deployment of this technology meant a single missile could carry multiple warheads and hit different targets, forcing Pakistan to reconsider its 'Full Spectrum Deterrence' and defensive missile shielding.
8
Which Special Economic Zone (SEZ) under CPEC became a focal point for security concerns in 2025 following cross-border tension accusations?
Answer:
Rashakai SEZ
Rashakai SEZ in Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, saw increased security deployments in 2025. Pakistan frequently accused external actors of sponsoring instability to sabotage CPEC Phase II projects, leading to heightened military surveillance in the industrial corridors connecting the northern areas.
9
In 2025, Pakistan moved to formally integrate which paramilitary force into its frontline defense structure along the Line of Control (LoC)?
Answer:
Frontier Corps (FC)
The Frontier Corps (FC) saw a significant reorganization in 2025, with specialized wings being trained for conventional warfare roles. This was part of a broader strategy to manage the dual threat of border security along the LoC and counter-terrorism operations along the western border.
10
Which Indian state border with Pakistan saw the installation of 'Smart Fencing' using AI and infrared sensors in 2025?
Answer:
All of the above
By 2025, India had significantly expanded its 'Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System' (CIBMS) across the Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat borders. This 'Smart Fence' uses thermal imagers, AI-driven surveillance, and ground sensors to monitor incursions and drone movements, which became a recurring issue in 2024-2025.
11
Which high-altitude tunnel, opened by India in late 2024/early 2025, enhanced their logistics near the border areas of Ladakh?
Answer:
Shinku La Tunnel
The Shinku La Tunnel, providing all-weather connectivity to Ladakh, was a major infrastructure milestone. For Pakistan, this meant India's ability to mobilize troops and heavy armor toward the sensitive Northern Areas and the LoC would be significantly faster and more reliable regardless of weather conditions.
12
In 2025, Pakistan's 'NASR' (Hatf-IX) missile was highlighted in defense reviews as a deterrent against what Indian military doctrine?
Answer:
Cold Start Doctrine
The NASR is a short-range, multi-tube ballistic missile system designed for tactical nuclear use. In 2025, Pakistan reaffirmed its role as a counter to India's 'Cold Start' doctrine—which involves rapid, limited conventional strikes—by providing a 'quick response' tactical deterrent.
13
Which maritime project did Pakistan and China fast-track in 2025 to increase naval presence in the Arabian Sea?
Answer:
Hangor-class Submarine Production at KSEW
In 2025, the local construction of the Hangor-class (Type 039B) submarines at Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works (KSEW) reached a critical phase. These submarines, equipped with Air Independent Propulsion (AIP), are designed to counter the Indian Navy's expanding surface and underwater fleet in the Indian Ocean.
14
Which region was the site of the 'G-20' related tensions in 2023-2024 that continued to influence the diplomatic freeze in 2025?
Answer:
Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
India's decision to host a G-20 tourism meeting in Srinagar in 2023 was strongly opposed by Pakistan. In 2025, the political fallout of this event continued to prevent any 'back-channel' diplomacy, with Pakistan insisting on a reversal of the 2019 status before any formal normalization could occur.
15
In 2025, which technology became the primary mode of 'asymmetric' border incursions reported by both sides?
Answer:
Drones (UAVs)
The use of drones for surveillance and small-scale drops (smuggling or propaganda) became a major security headache in 2025. Both India and Pakistan reported shooting down multiple small UAVs along the international border in Punjab and Rajasthan, leading to the deployment of dedicated anti-drone systems.
16
What is the name of Pakistan's indigenously developed armed drone that saw operational upgrades in 2025?
Answer:
Shahpar-II
The Shahpar-II is a Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) armed UAV. By 2025, it was upgraded with more advanced satellite links and laser-guided munitions, providing the Pakistan Army with a cost-effective alternative for precision strikes near the border and in counter-insurgency roles.
17
Which major hydroelectric project in J&K did Pakistan object to in 2024-2025, claiming it violates the IWT?
Answer:
Ratle Hydroelectric Plant
Pakistan has long objected to the design of the Ratle and Kishenganga projects on the Chenab and Jhelum rivers respectively. In 2025, India's move to push ahead with construction despite Pakistani protests at the Court of Arbitration led to the current impasse over the treaty's modification.
18
In 2025, what was the status of the 'Kartarpur Corridor' amidst the diplomatic freeze?
Answer:
Open for Pilgrims
Despite the severe diplomatic freeze and lack of trade/cricket, the Kartarpur Corridor remained operational in 2025 as a rare bridge for people-to-people contact. Both governments maintained the corridor for Sikh pilgrims, though security checks remained extremely stringent.
19
Which Pakistani missile, tested with a range of 140 km in 2021 and 400 km in late 2023, was deployed for coastal defense in 2025?
Answer:
Fattah-1 / Fattah-2
The Fattah-2 is a Guided Multi-Launch Rocket System (GMLRS). Its deployment in 2025 provides the Pakistan Army with the capability to hit high-value targets with precision at a range of 400 km, acting as a conventional deterrent against border build-ups.
20
Which international financial condition forced Pakistan to prioritize defense spending on 'maintenance' rather than 'new acquisitions' in the 2024-2025 budget?
Answer:
IMF Bailout conditions
The IMF's 2024-2025 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) required Pakistan to implement strict fiscal discipline. As a result, the 2025 defense budget focused on maintaining existing operational readiness and local indigenization projects (like JF-17) rather than high-cost imports from the West.
