The treaty was signed in Dhul-Qaʿdah of 6 A.H. when the Prophet ﷺ and 1400 companions set out for ʿUmrah but were stopped by Quraysh. This event laid the groundwork for future victories. What was the purpose of the Prophet’s ﷺ journey that led to Ḥudaybiyyah? A. A raid on Quraysh caravans B. To perform ʿUmrah C. To fight the Quraysh D. To conquer Makkah Correct Answer: B. To perform ʿUmrah Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ set out peacefully with unarmed companions to perform pilgrimage. They carried only sacrificial animals, showing their intention was worship, not war. How many Muslims accompanied the Prophet ﷺ to Ḥudaybiyyah? A. 700 B. 1000 C. 1400 D. 313 Correct Answer: C. 1400 Explanation: Around 1400 companions joined, showing the Muslims’ strength and unity. Despite Quraysh hostility, the Muslims demonstrated discipline and non-violence during the journey. Who represented Quraysh during the negotiations of the treaty? A. Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb B. Suhayl ibn ʿAmr C. ʿIkrimah ibn Abī Jahl D. Abū Jahl Correct Answer: B. Suhayl ibn ʿAmr Explanation: Suhayl ibn ʿAmr negotiated with the Prophet ﷺ. His role was crucial in setting terms that Quraysh thought were in their favor, though later events proved otherwise. What prevented Muslims from entering Makkah that year? A. A flood B. Quraysh blocked them at Ḥudaybiyyah C. Internal dispute D. Roman attack Correct Answer: B. Quraysh blocked them at Ḥudaybiyyah Explanation: Quraysh feared that allowing Muslims entry would weaken their authority. Instead, they forced a treaty to delay the pilgrimage until the next year. Who acted as the scribe of the treaty? A. Abū Bakr B. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb C. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib Correct Answer: D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib Explanation: ʿAlī wrote the treaty under the Prophet’s ﷺ dictation. When Suhayl objected to “Messenger of Allah,” the Prophet ﷺ agreed to replace it with “Muḥammad, son of ʿAbdullāh,” teaching humility and wisdom. Which companion was sent to negotiate with Quraysh before the treaty? A. Abū Bakr B. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib Correct Answer: B. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān Explanation: ʿUthmān was sent to Makkah to explain the Muslims’ peaceful intentions. A rumor of his killing led to the Pledge of Riḍwān, where Muslims vowed to fight if necessary. What is the Pledge of Riḍwān (Bayʿat al-Riḍwān)? A. A pledge to perform ʿUmrah B. A pledge to avenge ʿUthmān’s rumored death C. A pledge to migrate to Madinah D. A pledge to fight Romans Correct Answer: B. A pledge to avenge ʿUthmān’s rumored death Explanation: When Muslims thought ʿUthmān was killed, they pledged allegiance under a tree to fight Quraysh. Allah praised this pledge in Qur’an (48:18). What was one major clause of the treaty regarding Muslims entering Makkah? A. They could perform ʿUmrah immediately B. They were forbidden to perform ʿUmrah C. They could perform ʿUmrah next year D. They could settle in Makkah permanently Correct Answer: C. They could perform ʿUmrah next year Explanation: Muslims had to return to Madinah without entering Makkah. However, Quraysh agreed they could return the following year for three days to perform ʿUmrah peacefully. How long was the truce period agreed upon in the treaty? A. 2 years B. 5 years C. 10 years D. 20 years Correct Answer: C. 10 years Explanation: The truce was set for 10 years, ensuring peace between Quraysh and Muslims. This allowed Islam to spread without constant warfare. What clause regarding defectors was agreed upon? A. Any Makkan Muslim fleeing to Madinah must be returned B. Any Muslim could freely migrate C. Any Muslim leaving Islam would be executed D. No one could change allegiance Correct Answer: A. Any Makkan Muslim fleeing to Madinah must be returned Explanation: This seemed harsh against Muslims, but the Prophet ﷺ accepted it. Later, events like the case of Abū Jandal showed Allah’s plan turned it to Islam’s advantage. Who was Abū Jandal ibn Suhayl? A. A Quraysh negotiator B. Son of Suhayl who fled to Muslims during the treaty C. Companion killed at Badr D. Leader of Khandaq Correct Answer: B. Son of Suhayl who fled to Muslims during the treaty Explanation: Abū Jandal, son of Suhayl, escaped Quraysh shackles and reached Muslims. However, due to the treaty, the Prophet ﷺ returned him, showing his commitment to honor agreements. What title did the Qur’an give to the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah? A. Yawm al-Furqān B. Fatḥ Mubīn (Clear Victory) C. Aam al-Fatḥ D. Sulḥ al-Salām Correct Answer: B. Fatḥ Mubīn (Clear Victory) Explanation: In Surah al-Fatḥ (48:1), Allah declared the treaty a “clear victory,” though it seemed unfavorable. The truce allowed Islam to spread peacefully, leading to the conquest of Makkah. Which tribe joined Muslims after the treaty? A. Banū Khuzaʿah B. Banū Qurayẓah C. Banū Naḍīr D. Banū Tamīm Correct Answer: A. Banū Khuzaʿah Explanation: Banū Khuzaʿah allied with Muslims under the treaty. Their later attack by Quraysh’s allies became the reason for the conquest of Makkah. What was the Prophet’s ﷺ reaction when companions hesitated to sacrifice their animals after the treaty? A. He became angry B. He asked ʿUmar to persuade them C. He sacrificed his animal first D. He canceled the sacrifice Correct Answer: C. He sacrificed his animal first Explanation: The companions were saddened at being denied ʿUmrah. The Prophet ﷺ calmly sacrificed his camel and shaved his head, setting the example. The companions then followed immediately. Which companion struggled emotionally with the treaty, saying, “Are we not on the truth?” A. Abū Bakr B. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb D. Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās Correct Answer: C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb Explanation: ʿUmar questioned why Muslims accepted seemingly humiliating terms. Later, he regretted his doubt when he saw the treaty’s wisdom. His honesty showed human struggle with divine plans. Which Qur’anic surah was revealed after the treaty? A. Surah al-Tawbah B. Surah al-Fatḥ C. Surah al-Aḥzāb D. Surah al-Naṣr Correct Answer: B. Surah al-Fatḥ Explanation: Surah al-Fatḥ confirmed the treaty as a divine victory. It reassured believers that Islam’s future expansion was secured through this peace. What political impact did the treaty have? A. Strengthened Quraysh’s dominance B. Allowed Muslims to spread Islam peacefully C. Forced Muslims into exile D. Weakened Muslim unity Correct Answer: B. Allowed Muslims to spread Islam peacefully Explanation: With peace secured, Muslims spread Islam across Arabia. Many tribes embraced Islam during this period, doubling Muslim strength within two years. How did Quraysh violate the treaty later? A. They attacked Madinah B. They killed Banū Khuzaʿah, allies of Muslims C. They rejected the 10-year truce D. They refused Muslims entry next year Correct Answer: B. They killed Banū Khuzaʿah, allies of Muslims Explanation: Quraysh’s allies attacked Banū Khuzaʿah, violating the treaty. This gave the Prophet ﷺ justification to march on Makkah, leading to its conquest in 8 A.H. What is the ultimate lesson of Ḥudaybiyyah? A. Compromise weakens religion B. Diplomacy and patience can bring greater victory C. Muslims should never sign treaties D. Quraysh were undefeatable Correct Answer: B. Diplomacy and patience can bring greater victory Explanation: The treaty showed that what appears as loss may be divine wisdom. Patience, diplomacy, and honoring commitments led to Islam’s eventual triumph.

The Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah was signed in 6 A.H. between the Muslims and Quraysh. Though its terms seemed unfavorable to Muslims at first, it turned out to be a breakthrough for Islam. The treaty secured peace, allowing the Prophet ﷺ to send letters and invite kings and rulers to Islam. This period of calm greatly expanded the influence of Islam across Arabia.

Suhayl ibn ʿAmr, a respected orator and elder of Quraysh, represented them in the negotiations. His presence gave legitimacy to the treaty and showed Quraysh’s recognition of Muslims as a political power. Interestingly, he later embraced Islam after the Conquest of Makkah, becoming a devout Muslim.

The Qur’an describes the treaty as Fatḥ Mubīn (a Clear Victory) in Surah al-Fatḥ. Though Muslims initially felt disappointed, it opened doors for peaceful daʿwah. During this period, many influential figures accepted Islam, including Khālid ibn Walīd and ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ. This proves that diplomacy can sometimes achieve more than battle.

Khālid ibn Walīd, one of Quraysh’s greatest military commanders, accepted Islam shortly after the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah. He later earned the title Saifullāh (the Sword of Allah) for his unmatched service in Islam’s battles. His conversion was a major strategic gain for the Muslims.

The Conquest of Khaybar in 7 A.H. took 20 days. Khaybar was the stronghold of Jewish tribes who had plotted with Quraysh during Khandaq. The Muslims, numbering around 1600, overcame the fortified castles of Khaybar. This victory secured the northern borders of Madinah and marked a turning point in Muslim political dominance.

When several companions struggled to break the defenses of Qamūs fortress, the Prophet ﷺ gave the banner to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Despite suffering from eye pain, ʿAlī fought bravely and conquered the fortress. His valor at Khaybar became one of the most celebrated moments of his life.

During the campaigns against Banū al-Naḍīr, who later regrouped in Khaybar, the final prohibition of alcohol was revealed. This was a decisive moral turning point for the Muslim community. It emphasized that spiritual strength, not intoxication, would be the foundation of Muslim society.

The Conquest of Makkah occurred in Ramadan of the 8th year after Hijrah (630 CE). It marked the peaceful entry of Muslims into their homeland after years of persecution. The Prophet ﷺ led the army himself, demonstrating both strength and mercy in the process. What was the strength of the Muslim army during the Conquest of Makkah? A. 3,000 B. 7,000 C. 10,000 D. 14,000 Correct Answer: C. 10,000 Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ marched into Makkah with an army of 10,000 Muslims. This overwhelming force ensured that the Quraysh could not resist. Yet, despite his power, the Prophet ﷺ entered with humility and forgave his enemies, setting an example of justice and mercy in victory. On which date of Ramadan did the Conquest of Makkah take place? A. 10th Ramadan B. 17th Ramadan C. 20th Ramadan D. 27th Ramadan Correct Answer: C. 20th Ramadan Explanation: The Conquest of Makkah occurred on the 20th of Ramadan. The timing was significant, as Ramadan is the month of spiritual strength, fasting, and Qur’anic revelation. It symbolized both physical and spiritual triumph for Islam. What title is given to the year of the Conquest of Makkah? A. ʿĀm al-Fatḥ (Year of Victory) B. Yawm al-Furqān (Day of Criterion) C. Fatḥ Mubīn (Clear Victory) D. ʿĀm al-Salām (Year of Peace) Correct Answer: A. ʿĀm al-Fatḥ (Year of Victory) Explanation: The year of the Conquest of Makkah is called ʿĀm al-Fatḥ (Year of Victory). This title reflects the importance of the event, where Islam’s central enemy base surrendered without major bloodshed. It consolidated Islam’s position as the leading power in Arabia. How did the Prophet ﷺ treat the people of Makkah after the conquest? A. They were executed for their past hostility B. They were enslaved as captives C. They were all forgiven except for a few war criminals D. They were forced to leave Arabia Correct Answer: C. They were all forgiven except for a few war criminals Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ declared a general amnesty for the people of Makkah, saying, “Go, for you are free.” Only a few who had committed severe crimes against Islam were excluded. This act of mercy transformed many former enemies into Muslims, including notable Quraysh leaders. Which idol inside the Kaʿbah was destroyed first by the Prophet ﷺ? A. Lāt B. ʿUzzā C. Hubal D. Manāt Correct Answer: C. Hubal Explanation: The Kaʿbah had been filled with idols, the largest of which was Hubal. The Prophet ﷺ personally entered the Kaʿbah, removed its idols, and purified it for the worship of Allah alone. This act symbolized the restoration of the Kaʿbah to its Abrahamic purpose. Which tribe joined the Muslims after the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, leading to Quraysh’s violation and ultimately the Conquest of Makkah? A. Banū Naḍīr B. Banū Qurayẓah C. Banū Khuzaʿah D. Banū Ghatafān Correct Answer: C. Banū Khuzaʿah Explanation: The Banū Khuzaʿah tribe had allied with the Muslims under the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah. When Quraysh-supported Banū Bakr attacked Khuzaʿah, it broke the terms of the treaty. This violation provided the reason for the Prophet ﷺ to march on Makkah, leading to the conquest.

The Prophet ﷺ entered Makkah on the 20th of Ramaḍān, after marching peacefully with a massive army.

About 10,000 Muslims marched towards Makkah, overwhelming the Quraysh without major bloodshed.

Quraysh aided Banū Bakr in attacking Banū Khuzaʿah, allies of Muslims. This violated the treaty, giving the Prophet ﷺ a just reason to march on Makkah.

The Prophet ﷺ personally led the army, displaying humility and mercy. He entered Makkah with his head bowed in gratitude to Allah.

Khālid commanded one wing of the Muslim army. He encountered resistance in one quarter, but it was quickly subdued.

The Prophet ﷺ bowed his head on his camel’s saddle, showing humility before Allah for granting victory without bloodshed.

The Prophet ﷺ recited Qur’an 17:81, announcing the end of idolatry and the triumph of Islam.

Around 360 idols were destroyed from the Kaʿbah, restoring it as the House of Allah for tawḥīd alone.

Abū Sufyān, former chief of Quraysh, accepted Islam after witnessing the strength and mercy of the Prophet ﷺ.

This amnesty showed Islam’s mercy. Despite years of persecution, the Prophet ﷺ forgave the Quraysh.

The 8th year of Hijrah is called ʿĀm al-Fatḥ, the year of conquest, since Islam’s dominance was now established.